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▼第一期广州建城,“外挂”开启
秦军共分五路,一路攻取东瓯和闽越(浙江、福建),两路攻南粤(广东),其余两路攻西瓯(广西)。
——《淮南子》
百越版图
秦统一六国后,集七国力量发兵五十五万,东征岭南,开始 “南取百越之地”。公元前214年,终于统一岭南,建蕃禺城,是广州建城之始。
开挂模式开启
秦汉时期的蕃禺(即广州),各种珍奇荟萃,是全国9个都会之一。
During the Qin and Han dynasties (221 BC - 220 AD), Guangzhou already had close trade and cultural relations with Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia and North Africa through sea routes. The unearthed site of a shipyard during the Qin Dynasty shows that Guangzhou was already able to build large ocean-going vessels at that time.
秦汉时期,就已经有海外购了!
汉代波斯银盒、原支非洲象牙、玻璃碗和各种珠饰~原装进口!保质期两千年!海运包邮!
考古发现的秦汉时期船模、船纹及相关遗存,反映了当时已经具备较强的航海能力。广州出土的汉代波斯银盒、原支非洲象牙、玻璃碗和各种珠饰,正是这一时期通过海路传入的“珍宝”。广州汉墓随葬的胡人托灯俑,表明这一时期已有中外人员往来。
During the Western and Eastern Han dynasties (202 BC- 220 AD), Guangzhou (Panyu as it was known then) was one of the nine metropolises in China and the city where various overseas treasures were gathered.
广州正式得名,还引来了佛教
魏晋南北朝时期,岭南地区相对稳定,经济继续发展。三国东吴孙权“分交州置广州”,广州正式得名,继续作为岭南的中心城市和中国海外贸易的重要中心。
东吴政权曾多次遣使从广州出发出使东南亚,东南亚、南亚多国也曾派使节从广州登陆与中国交往。东汉魏晋时期,世界三大宗教之一的佛教由海路登陆广州在中国传播李彩琳,成为这一时期海上丝绸之路上的一件文化盛事。
During the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Periods (220-581 AD), as the central city and an important port in the Lingnan Region, Guangzhou was an important foreign trade center. It was during this period that Buddhism arrived in Guangzhou, and this belief brought by Indian monks via the sea later spread to other parts of China.
光孝寺,佛教登陆广州的见证
常在海上走,得跟海神打个招呼
隋唐时期,广州成为中国第一大港、世界著名的东方港市。
公元594年美思满,隋文帝下诏在广州城东扶胥镇修建南海祠,祭祀南海神,以保海上航行安全。唐代,北方的长沙窑、邢窑等名窑产品通过广州转运海外。
南海神庙
最晚公元714年,唐政府在广州设市舶使,管理海外贸易,又在今中山六路至光塔路一带设置“蕃坊”,专供外国人居住双程txt ,并设蕃坊司管理。唐贞元初年,唐政府派大臣杨良瑶从广州出发经海路出使黑衣大食。唐贞元年间大臣贾耽记载的“广州通海夷道”详细描述了从广州出发经过30多个国家到达西亚的航线黄家驹死因,长达14000多公里。
The Sui and Tang dynasties (581-907 AD) were the peak period of foreign trade in Guangzhou. In 594 AD, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty ordered to have the Nanhai God Temple built in the Fuxu Town east of Guangzhou city, in order to worship the god of the sea to ensure safe sailing.
南海神庙明码头遗址
唐代鉴真大和尚在广州城外的珠江水面见到“婆罗门、波斯、昆仑等舶,不知其数,并载香药、珍宝,积载如山。其舶深六七丈。师子国、大石国、骨唐国、白蛮、赤蛮等往来居住,种类极多”,描述了外国商船停泊和外国人居住在广州的繁荣景象。
From the middle of the Tang Dynasty(618-907 AD), a sea route of about 14,000 kilometers was formed, which started in Guangzhou, stretched through more than 30 countries and reached as far as the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and East Africa. Foreign traders from more than one hundred countries arrived at Guangzhou to trade and over 100,000 foreigners resided in the city.
看见光塔,广州城就到了
广州也是伊斯兰教自海路传入中国的第一站。相传,伊斯兰教大贤萨阿德·宾·艾比宛葛素,沿海路抵达广州,在中国传教,病逝后葬于广州,即留存至今的清真先贤古墓。为纪念穆罕默德而创建的怀圣寺,是东亚现存最早的清真寺。矗立在寺内西南角的光塔落樱散华抄 ,既是著名的宗教建筑,也是当时广州城的地标性建筑物和航行标志。
In the early 7th century, with the development of spice trade, Islam— the religion originated in the Arabian Peninsula—also spread to Guangzhou via the sea, becoming another major event in the history of Chinese religious culture.
怀圣寺光塔,古代海上广州城航标
伊斯兰教大贤萨阿德·宾·艾比宛葛素之墓
五代南汉国时期,刘氏政权重视海外贸易,广州与东南亚、南亚及西亚地区的海上贸易进一步发展。南汉康陵出土的来自西亚的玻璃瓶、南汉国宫苑遗址考古发现的孔雀蓝釉陶瓶是南汉与西亚地区进行贸易和交流的直接物证。南汉昭陵、北京路千年古道遗址出土的青瓷夹梁盖罐在印尼等地也有发现,表明中国瓷器通过海路外销。
During the Period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979 AD), the Nanhan Kingdom, with Guangzhou as its capital, prioritized maritime trade and gathered a large number of overseas treasures in Guangzhou.
1997年在印度尼西亚爪哇海域打捞的“印坦沉船”杰顿星人 ,是一艘五代南汉时期从中国广州港返航的东南亚贸易商船,装载有中国定窑、越窑、繁昌窑的瓷器,五代南汉国的银锭和“乾亨重宝”铅钱等货物,这是五代南汉与海外贸易的直接物证范承秀 。
In 1997 an Indian ship wreak found in the ocean off the Indonesian coast contained evidence of maritime trade activities of Guangzhou. The ship was laden with Chinese ceramics, sliver ingots of the Nanhan Kingdom and lead coins cast with Chinese characters of Qian Heng Zhong Bao (乾亨重宝), which indicates the continuous prosperity of foreign trade in Guangzhou.
印坦沉船上打捞上来的宋代瓷器
网罗国货,大量出口
宋代在广州首设市舶司。陶瓷器成为主要的出口商品。北方的陶瓷器通过广州经海路远销东南亚、南亚及西亚和非洲各地。广州西村窑的产品,畅销海外。现存广州博物馆的《重修天庆观碑记》记述了三佛齐(今印度尼西亚西北)人捐资重修天庆观的史实,见证了当时中国和海外人民的和平友好往来。
During the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127 AD)重生庶女嫡妻 , officials set up the Bureau for Foreign Shipping in Guangzhou to administer overseas trade. At that time, Guangzhou was still the port of departure and destination for Chinese and foreign merchant ships. It was also the center where both Chinese and foreign merchants gathered and Chinese and foreign cargoes were distributed.
1079年《重修天庆观记》碑,图片源自《海上丝绸之路·广州文化遗产》
元代广州仍然是海外贸易的重要港口。元人吴莱记述当时广州“岁时蕃舶金、珠、犀、象、香药、杂产之富,充溢耳目,抽赋帑藏,盖不下巨万计”。14世纪著名摩洛哥旅行家伊本·白图泰描述元代广州是世界一大都市,制瓷和贸易业尤其发达。
During the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 AD), the sea routes starting in Guangzhou extended as far as Europe and Africa, and more than 140 countries and regions maintained trade relations with Guangzhou.
元朝前期到广州从事贸易的商人来自多达147个国家,占元代全国外贸涉及220多个国家和地区的64%。
——陈大震《南海志》
明代在广州设广东市舶提举司管理海外贸易,并设怀远驿于广州西关十八甫,专门用于招待外国贡使和蕃商。公元1522年,朝廷罢福建、浙江二市舶司,独留广东市舶司,至明末。明代中后期以后,民间商舶贸易日益兴盛,海外各国商人于每年夏冬两季到广州及珠江口各地进行贸易,每次为期数周,或长至数月,中国各省商人也源源不断地把货物运来广州与外国商人贸易,使广州成为中国海外贸易的商品集散中心。
十三行千年来从未关闭的通商口岸
清初实行海禁。康熙二十四年(1685年),朝廷设江、浙、闽、粤四个海关,负责管理海外贸易乖乖隆地洞 ,广州成为世界知名都市,黄埔古港则是闻名中外的贸易港口。公元1757年,朝廷独留粤海关,广州成为全国唯一的对外通商口岸,直至1840年第一次鸦片战争爆发,长达83年,造就了闻名于世的“十三行”,大量的丝绸、瓷器、茶叶等货物从广州出口,广彩、广绣、外销画等“广货”远销海外。
“洋楼虽棲于省岸,市舶皆聚于黄埔。”
—《番禺县志》
黄埔古港
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368-1644 AD), Guangzhou opened an ocean route sailing directly to Latin America. During the Qing Dynasty, the Huangpu Port in Guangzhou became the most important foreign trade port in the world. The world-famous Thirteen Hongs of Canton almost became a synonym of Guangzhou.
千年来,广州作为海上丝绸之路的重要港口,简直是一路开挂。许多中外高僧、旅行家、商人的笔记中,都有广州的身影。除了鉴真、苏莱蔓、伊本·白图泰等,明代大文学家、戏曲家汤显祖,清初著名学者屈大均也有作品描绘广州的商业繁华。
怎么能像广州一样
拥有开挂的“人生”?
也许就是开放、包容和勇于开拓!
来源:丝路云帆
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